Use of ‘any' as singular and plural
If any is use with singular countable noun, it is singular.
He has hardly any book in his bag.
If it (any) is used with plural countable noun, it becomes plural.
Did you purchase any toys from fair?
If it (any) is used with uncountable noun, it is always singular.
Do you have any money in your pocket?
In German, there are four cases:
Nominative case : it is a base form of noun. It acts as a subject of the verb.
Rohan invited me to his birthday party.
The noun 'Rohan' is a nominative case here
Accusative (Akkusativ) case : it is a direct object. It refers to a thing that is acted upon.
Rohan plays guitar.
Guitar is a direct object here and it is said to be in accusative case.
Dative (Dativ) case : Dative case is also known as indirect object. Indirect object is the noun that receives something.
I gave Rohan a book.
There are two objects in this sentence ‘Rahan' and ‘a book'.
Rohan is an Indirect object because Rohan is a person and he is receiving something.
‘A book' is an direct object because ‘a book' is a thing and something is acted upon it.
Genitive case : it shows belonging or possession. It is used in noun construction. There is a question also that shows genitive case like ‘whose'
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Contents:
1. Types of sentences
2. Simple Sentence
3. Compound Sentence
4. Complex sentence
Sentences are of three types: Simple, Compound and Complex.
Simple Sentence- has
• Only one subject
• Only one predicate
• Only one finite verb
For example-
1. He reads a book.
2. He wants to teach his sons.
3. Being holiday, I went to school.
Compound Sentence-
• Compound sentence is made up of two sentences and each sentence has its own subject and predicate.
• Both the sentences are of equal value.
• Coordinating conjunctions are used to join these sentences.
• It has two finite verbs.
For example-
1. Mohan sings and Sohan listens.
2. She worked hard but she failed.
3. You can sit here or go.
Complex Sentence-
• Consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clause / clauses is called a complex sentence.
• Subordinate clause depends on principal clause.
• These clauses are joined by subordinating conjunctions.
For example-
1. This is the school where I studied.
2. He said that the sun sets in the west.
3. I went to bed after I had finished my lesson.
The Microscope | A poem by Maxine Kumin | Question Answers | Chapter 5 | The English Coach | Class 7
Q. 1 According to the poem 'The Microscope’ was Anton's business doing well?
Ans. No, Anton's business was not doing well as he devoted his time completely to the improvement of lenses and observation of microbes. He was not attending to the townsfolk.
Q. 2 Make a list of all that Anton van Leeuwenhoek liked to see under the microscope. What do you think was his greatest discovery under the microscope?
Ans. Anton van Leeuwenhoek liked to see mosquitoes' wings, hairs of sheep, legs of lice, skin of people, dogs and mice, ox eyes, spider’s spinning gear, fishes' scales, a little smear of his own blood and small bugs in the water under the microscope. His greatest discovery was to find micro-organisms.
Q. 3 Why were the people first angry at him and then throat him to be a lunatic?
Ans. The people were angry with him at first because he remained busy in grinding special lenses for a microscope instead of attending them at his store. They thought him lunatic because he told them he could see the brain of housefly and a lot of bugs in drinking water.
Q. 4 what does the poem tell you about Anton van Leeuwenhoek? Write a detailed note?
Ans. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch businessman who Sold items such as pincushions and cloth. Towns people criticized him for his scientific work. He was not interested in his business. The goods he sold gathered dust as he engaged in grinding lenses for microscope. He discovered many amazing things under his microscope but his greatest discovery was to find micro-organisms. Most men called him crazy as he told them that he had seen housefly's brain and bugs in the drinking water. They decided to ship Anton to Spain. They called him stupid person.
Q. 5 Why was it difficult for the people to believe in Anton's discoveries?
Ans. It was difficult for the people to believe in Anton's discoveries because they thought that he was crazy, mad and a stupid person.
Q. 6 Where did the people decide to send him when they thought of him as dope?
Ans. When the people thought of him as dope, they decided to send him to Spain.
Q. 7 Did Anton ever stop with his discoveries despite people mocking him what do you think is the reason behind it?
Ans. No, Anton never stopped with his discoveries despite people mocking. The reason behind it was to find great joy in God’s smallest creatures. he retained a child-like joy to see tiny microbes through his homemade microscopes.
Crow Brings Daylight | Question Answers | Chapter 4 | The English Coach | Class 7
Q. 1 What were the reasons Inuit people gave to the crow to get them light?
Ans. The reasons Inuit people gave to the crow were—
• If they had daylight, they would see animals they hunted.
• They would hunt the animals that sometimes attacked them.
• They would better see each other's faces.
Q. 2 Why do you think the crow refuse to bring a light at first?
Ans. The crow refused to bring daylight at first because he was old enough to travel so far.
Q. 3 What was the crow’s plan to bring daylight to the Inuit people? Write in detail.
Ans. The crow turn himself into a speck of dust and reached the chief's house with the help of his daughter. He entered chief's grandson's ear that caused him cried out loud. As the chief asked what happened to him, the crow whispered in the boy’s ear to tell the chief that he wanted to play with the daylight ball outside. As they stepped out, the speck of dust came out of the boy's ear and turned into the crow . The crow grasped the string of the ball of daylight and flew into the sky heading West. Finally he reached the land of the Inuit people and dropped the ball. It shattered into tiny pieces and light travelled everywhere and darkness was gone.
Q. 4 In what ways did the Inuit people perceive the importance of light?
Ans. The Inuit people perceived the importance of light when the crow described how people go on hunting to places away from their villages for long hours, how they are innovating something new sitting under the sunlight all day, at night they sit under small lamp made of fire sparks.
Q. 5 Why do you think the crow went through so much of trouble to get light for the Inuit people?
Ans. Only the crow knew where one could find the light. It was too dark for the Inuit people to find out the paths to long distances. So the Inuit people begged him till he finally agreed to get them light.
Q. 6 How did the Inuit people express their gratitude towards the crow?
Ans. The Inuit people thanked the wise crow. They were indebted to get light not only into their place but also into their lives. They hailed Crow for the gift of light. In this way, the expressed their gratitude towards the crow.
Q. 7 How would you draw the moral of the story in context with today’s time period?
Ans. The myth shows how the kindness and sacrifice of another can benefit everyone as a whole.
THE NOUNS
Contents:
1. Definition of Noun
2. Kinds of nouns and their definitions
. Proper nouns
. Common nouns
. Collective nouns
. Material nouns
. Abstract nouns
3. Countable and countable nouns
4. Concrete nouns
1. Nouns: The words used as the names of persons, places, animals, things, quality or feelings are called nouns.
2. Kinds of nouns
There are 5 kinds of nouns.
i. Proper nouns:
• A proper noun names a particular person, place or thing.
• A proper noun begins with capital letter.
For example- Rahul, Amroha, Everest, The Victoria Ship
ii. Common nouns- A noun that gives a common name to persons, places or things of the same kind is called a common noun.
For example- pen, book, fan, boy, girl, student etc.
iii. Collective nouns- A collective noun is the name of a collection of persons, animals or things.
For example-
A team of players, an troop of soldiers, a class of students, a shoal of fish etc.
iv. Material nouns- A material noun is the name of some particular kind of matter.
For example- Copper, gold, iron, milk, salt, water etc.
v. Abstract nouns- An abstract noun is a name of
• ideas, qualities, and condition
• things that cannot be seen or touched
• things which have no physical form
For example- joy, anger, childhood, friendship, growth, health, bravery, strength etc.
3. Countable and Uncountable nouns
Countable Nouns:
• The names of the things that can be counted.
• Countable nouns have singular and plural forms.
• Common nouns and collective nouns are the examples of countable nouns.
Uncountable Nouns:
The names of the things that cannot be counted.
Material nouns are the examples of uncountable nouns.
4. Concrete Nouns:
The names of the things that occupy some space in the world are known as concrete nouns.
Proper nouns, common nouns, collective nouns and material nouns are the examples of concrete nouns.
TENSES (Rules and Examples)
Contents:
1. Definition of Tense
2. Kinds of Tenses
3. Singular subjects
4. Plural subjects
5. Present indefinite tense
6. Present continuous tense
7. Present perfect tense
8. Present perfect continuous tense
9. Past indefinite tense
10. Past continuous tense
11. Past perfect tense
12. Past perfect continuous tense
13. Future indefinite tense
14. Future continuous tense
15. Future perfect tense
16. Future perfect continuous tense
TENSE— Tense is a verb form that indicates time of actions.
There are three kinds of tenses. 1) Present Tense 2) Past Tense 3) Future Tense.
Singular Subjects:
• One proper noun— Rohan / Rahul / India
• Singular common nouns— boy / girl / student
• Singular collective nouns— team / class
• Material nouns— gold / iron
• Abstract nouns— love / hate
• Singular pronouns— he, she, it
Plural subjects:
• Two or more proper nouns— Rohan and Rahul
• Plural common nouns— boys / girls / students
• Plural collective nouns— teams / classes
• Two or more singular pronouns— He and I
• Plural pronouns— we, you, they
For examples
1. India exports a lot of products to other countries.
2. Rahul sends me a gift on my birthday.
3. The boys read a horror story.
4. Our team wins the game.
5. Gold costs more than iron.
6. Love defeats hate.
7. He and I learn our lesson.
PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE :
Affirmative
Singular sub + V¹(s/es) + obj / comp.
Plural subject + V¹ + obj / comp.
PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
Singular sub + does + not + V¹ + obj / comp.
Plural sub + do + not + V¹ + obj / comp.
For examples
1. India does not export a lot of products to other countries.
2. Rahul and Rohan do not send me gifts on my birthday.
3. The boy does not read a horror story.
4. Our team does not win the game.
5. Iron and gold do not cost same.
6. Hate does not defeat love.
7. He does not learn his lesson.
Interrogative
Do/Does + sub + V¹ + obj / comp?
1. Does India export a lot of products to other countries?
2. Do you buy a new car every year?
3. Does he live in Amroha?
Interrogative Negative
Do/Does + sub + not + V¹ + obj / comp?
1. Does India not export a lot of products to other countries?
2. Do you not buy a new car every year?
3. Does he not live in Amroha?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
Affirmative
Sub + is/am/are + V¹ + ing + obj / comp.
For examples
1. Rahil is riding a bicycle.
2. She is singing a song.
3. They are dancing on the stage.
4. I am studying in class VII.
Negative
Sub+is/am/are+not+V¹ +ing +obj/comp.
1. Rahil is not riding a bicycle.
2. She is not singing a song.
3. They are not dancing on the stage.
4. I am not studying in class VII.
Interrogative
Is/Am/Are+sub+V¹ +ing+obj/comp?
1. Are they telling the truth?
2. Is he sharing the toys with you?
3. Am I looking handsome?
Interrogative Negative
Is/Am/Are+sub+not+V¹ +ing+obj/comp?
1. Are they not telling the truth?
2. Is he not sharing the toys with you?
3. Am I not looking handsome?
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:
Affirmative
Sub+has/have+V³ +obj/comp.
1. I have written a letter to my friend.
2. She has invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers have joined the meeting.
Negative
Sub+has/have+not+V³+obj/comp.
1. I have not written a letter to my friend.
2. She has not invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers have not joined the meeting.
Interrogative
Has/Have+sub+V³+obj/comp?
1. Has he stopped watching TV?
2. Have you got your money back?
3. Has she prepared for her exam?
Interrogative Negative
Has/Have+sub+not+V³+obj/comp?
1. Has he not stopped watching TV?
2. Have you not got your money back?
3. Has she not prepared for her exam?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Sub+has/have+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time.
1. He has been watching TV since 5 PM.
2. They have been learning their lessons for 3 hours.
3. She has been living in Amroha since 2010.
Negative
Sub+has/have+not+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time.
1. He has not been watching TV since 5 PM.
2. They have not been learning their lessons for 3 hours.
3. She has not been living in Amroha since 2010.
Interrogative
Has/Have+sub+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Has he been teaching Maths for 5 years?
2. Have you been working here since 1990?
3. Has she been suffering from fever since last night?
Interrogative Negative
Has/Have+sub+not+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Has he not been teaching Maths for 5 years?
2. Have you not been working here since 1990?
3. Has she not been suffering from fever since last night?
Use of 'Since' and 'For'
Since is used to denote a point of time ; as :
6 a.m., 7 p.m., Monday, Saturday, January, May, Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow, Diwali, X-mas, birth, youth, marriage, evening, noon, etc.
I have been waiting for you since 7 p.m.
The patient has been suffering from this disease since birth.
For is used to denote a period of time; as :
She has waited for you for two hours.
I have been here for two months.
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
Affirmative
Sub+V²+obj/comp.
1. They attended the meeting yesterday.
2. Anmol hit the ball very fast
3. She did her work on time.
Negative
Sub+did+not+V¹+obj/comp.
1. They did not attend the meeting yesterday.
2. Anmol did not hit the ball very fast.
3. She did not do her work on time.
Interrogative
Did+sub+V¹+obj/comp?
1. Did you play football yesterday?
2. Did he do his work on time?
3. Did Anil win the prize in essay competition?
Interrogative Negative
Did+sub+not+V¹+obj/comp?
1. Did you not play football yesterday?
2. Did he not do his work on time?
3. Did Anil not win the prize in essay competition?
Past Continuous Tense
Affirmative
Sub + was/were + V¹ + ing + obj / comp.
For examples
1. Rahil was riding a bicycle.
2. She was singing a song.
3. They were dancing on the stage.
4. I was studying in class VII.
Negative
Sub+was/were+not+V¹ +ing +obj/comp.
1. Rahil was not riding a bicycle.
2. She was not singing a song.
3. They were not dancing on the stage.
4. I was not studying in class VII.
Interrogative
Was/were+sub+V¹ +ing+obj/comp?
1. Were they telling the truth?
2. Was he sharing the toys with you?
3. Was I looking handsome?
Interrogative Negative
Was/were+sub+not+V¹ +ing+obj/comp?
1. Were they not telling the truth?
2. Was he not sharing the toys with you?
3. Was I not looking handsome?
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Affirmative
Sub+had+V³ +obj/comp.
1. I had written a letter to my friend.
2. She had invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers had joined the meeting.
Negative
Sub+had+not+V³+obj/comp.
1. I had not written a letter to my friend.
2. She had not invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers had not joined the meeting.
Interrogative
Had+sub+V³+obj/comp?
1. Had he stopped watching TV?
2. Had you got your money back?
3. Had she prepared for her exam?
Interrogative Negative
Had+sub+not+V³+obj/comp?
1. Had he not stopped watching TV?
2. Had you not got your money back?
3. Had she not prepared for her exam?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Sub+had+beeb+v¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+ time.
1. He had been watching TV since 5 PM.
2. They had been learning their lessons for 3 hours.
3. She had been living in Amroha since 2010.
Negative
Sub+had+not+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time.
1. He had not been watching TV since 5 PM.
2. They had not been learning their lessons for 3 hours.
3. She had not been living in Amroha since 2010.
Interrogative
Had+sub+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Had he been teaching Maths for 5 years?
2. Had you been working here since 1990?
3. Had she been suffering from fever since last night?
Interrogative Negative
Had+sub+not+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Had he not been teaching Maths for 5 years?
2. Had you not been working here since 1990?
3. Had she not been suffering from fever since last night?
FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE
Affirmative
Sub+will/shall+v¹+obj/comp.
1. Anas will drive the car.
2. He will return your money tomorrow.
3. I shall go Delhi next week.
Negative
Sub+will/shall+not+V¹+obj/comp.
1. Anas will not drive the car.
2. He will not return your money tomorrow.
3. I shall not go Delhi next week.
Interrogative
Will/shall+sub+V¹+obj/comp?
1. Will you reach school on time?
2. Will he go to Delhi tomorrow?
3. Shall I win the game?
Interrogative Negative
Will/shall+sub+not+V¹+obj/comp?
1. Will you not reach school on time?
2. Will he not go to Delhi tomorrow?
3. Shall I not win the game?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Affirmative
Sub+will/shall+be+V¹+ing+obj/comp.
1. Mohit will be learning his lessons.
2. He will be distributing toffees among students.
3. We shall be playing cricket in the school.
Negative
Sub+will/shall+not+be+V¹+ing+obj/comp.
1. Mohit will not be learning his lessons.
2. He will not be distributing toffees among students.
3. We shall not be playing cricket in the school.
Interrogative
Will/shall+sub+be+V¹+ing+obj/comp?
1. Will he be plucking flowers from the field?
2. Will she be cooking delicious food?
3. Shall I be going my home next week?
Interrogative Negative
Will/shall+sub+not+be+V¹+ing+obj/comp?
1. Will he not be plucking flowers from the field?
2. Will she not be cooking delicious food?
3. Shall I not be going my home next week?
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Affirmative
Sub+will/shall+have+V³ +obj/comp.
1. I will/shall have written a letter to my friend.
2. She will/shall have invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers will/shall+have joined the meeting.
Negative
Sub+will/shall+not+have+V³+obj/comp.
1. I will/shall not have written a letter to my friend.
2. She will/shall not have invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers will/shall not have joined the meeting.
Interrogative
Will/shall+sub+have+V³+obj/comp?
1. Will/shall he have stopped watching TV?
2. Will/shall you have got your money back?
3. Will/shall she have prepared for her exam?
Interrogative Negative
Will/shall+sub+not+have+V³+obj/comp?
1. Will/shall he not have stopped watching TV?
2. Will/shall you not have got your money back?
3. Will/shall she not have prepared for her exam?
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Affirmative
Sub+will/shall+have+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time.
1. Rita will have been writing stories for two hours.
2. They will have been taking bath in the river since 10 a.m.
Negative
Sub+will/shall+not+have+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time.
1. Rita will not have been writing stories for two hours.
2. They will not have been taking bath in the river since 10 a.m.
Interrogative
Will/shall+sub+have+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Will Rita have been writing stories for two hours?
2. Will they have been taking bath in the river since 10 a.m.
Interrogative Negative
Will/shall+sub+not+have+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Will Rita not have been writing stories for two hours?
2. Will they not have been taking bath in the river since 10 a.m.?
This tense is used :
1. To indicate the duration of an event at a specific time in the future :
My mother will have been waiting for me since 7 p.m.
She will have been rehearsing her dance competition for two weeks by next Monday.
