TENSES (Rules and Examples)
Contents:
1. Definition of Tense
2. Kinds of Tenses
3. Singular subjects
4. Plural subjects
5. Present indefinite tense
6. Present continuous tense
7. Present perfect tense
8. Present perfect continuous tense
9. Past indefinite tense
10. Past continuous tense
11. Past perfect tense
12. Past perfect continuous tense
13. Future indefinite tense
14. Future continuous tense
15. Future perfect tense
16. Future perfect continuous tense
TENSE— Tense is a verb form that indicates time of actions.
There are three kinds of tenses. 1) Present Tense 2) Past Tense 3) Future Tense.
Singular Subjects:
• One proper noun— Rohan / Rahul / India
• Singular common nouns— boy / girl / student
• Singular collective nouns— team / class
• Material nouns— gold / iron
• Abstract nouns— love / hate
• Singular pronouns— he, she, it
Plural subjects:
• Two or more proper nouns— Rohan and Rahul
• Plural common nouns— boys / girls / students
• Plural collective nouns— teams / classes
• Two or more singular pronouns— He and I
• Plural pronouns— we, you, they
For examples
1. India exports a lot of products to other countries.
2. Rahul sends me a gift on my birthday.
3. The boys read a horror story.
4. Our team wins the game.
5. Gold costs more than iron.
6. Love defeats hate.
7. He and I learn our lesson.
PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE :
Affirmative
Singular sub + V¹(s/es) + obj / comp.
Plural subject + V¹ + obj / comp.
PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
Singular sub + does + not + V¹ + obj / comp.
Plural sub + do + not + V¹ + obj / comp.
For examples
1. India does not export a lot of products to other countries.
2. Rahul and Rohan do not send me gifts on my birthday.
3. The boy does not read a horror story.
4. Our team does not win the game.
5. Iron and gold do not cost same.
6. Hate does not defeat love.
7. He does not learn his lesson.
Interrogative
Do/Does + sub + V¹ + obj / comp?
1. Does India export a lot of products to other countries?
2. Do you buy a new car every year?
3. Does he live in Amroha?
Interrogative Negative
Do/Does + sub + not + V¹ + obj / comp?
1. Does India not export a lot of products to other countries?
2. Do you not buy a new car every year?
3. Does he not live in Amroha?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
Affirmative
Sub + is/am/are + V¹ + ing + obj / comp.
For examples
1. Rahil is riding a bicycle.
2. She is singing a song.
3. They are dancing on the stage.
4. I am studying in class VII.
Negative
Sub+is/am/are+not+V¹ +ing +obj/comp.
1. Rahil is not riding a bicycle.
2. She is not singing a song.
3. They are not dancing on the stage.
4. I am not studying in class VII.
Interrogative
Is/Am/Are+sub+V¹ +ing+obj/comp?
1. Are they telling the truth?
2. Is he sharing the toys with you?
3. Am I looking handsome?
Interrogative Negative
Is/Am/Are+sub+not+V¹ +ing+obj/comp?
1. Are they not telling the truth?
2. Is he not sharing the toys with you?
3. Am I not looking handsome?
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:
Affirmative
Sub+has/have+V³ +obj/comp.
1. I have written a letter to my friend.
2. She has invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers have joined the meeting.
Negative
Sub+has/have+not+V³+obj/comp.
1. I have not written a letter to my friend.
2. She has not invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers have not joined the meeting.
Interrogative
Has/Have+sub+V³+obj/comp?
1. Has he stopped watching TV?
2. Have you got your money back?
3. Has she prepared for her exam?
Interrogative Negative
Has/Have+sub+not+V³+obj/comp?
1. Has he not stopped watching TV?
2. Have you not got your money back?
3. Has she not prepared for her exam?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Sub+has/have+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time.
1. He has been watching TV since 5 PM.
2. They have been learning their lessons for 3 hours.
3. She has been living in Amroha since 2010.
Negative
Sub+has/have+not+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time.
1. He has not been watching TV since 5 PM.
2. They have not been learning their lessons for 3 hours.
3. She has not been living in Amroha since 2010.
Interrogative
Has/Have+sub+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Has he been teaching Maths for 5 years?
2. Have you been working here since 1990?
3. Has she been suffering from fever since last night?
Interrogative Negative
Has/Have+sub+not+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Has he not been teaching Maths for 5 years?
2. Have you not been working here since 1990?
3. Has she not been suffering from fever since last night?
Use of 'Since' and 'For'
Since is used to denote a point of time ; as :
6 a.m., 7 p.m., Monday, Saturday, January, May, Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow, Diwali, X-mas, birth, youth, marriage, evening, noon, etc.
I have been waiting for you since 7 p.m.
The patient has been suffering from this disease since birth.
For is used to denote a period of time; as :
She has waited for you for two hours.
I have been here for two months.
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
Affirmative
Sub+V²+obj/comp.
1. They attended the meeting yesterday.
2. Anmol hit the ball very fast
3. She did her work on time.
Negative
Sub+did+not+V¹+obj/comp.
1. They did not attend the meeting yesterday.
2. Anmol did not hit the ball very fast.
3. She did not do her work on time.
Interrogative
Did+sub+V¹+obj/comp?
1. Did you play football yesterday?
2. Did he do his work on time?
3. Did Anil win the prize in essay competition?
Interrogative Negative
Did+sub+not+V¹+obj/comp?
1. Did you not play football yesterday?
2. Did he not do his work on time?
3. Did Anil not win the prize in essay competition?
Past Continuous Tense
Affirmative
Sub + was/were + V¹ + ing + obj / comp.
For examples
1. Rahil was riding a bicycle.
2. She was singing a song.
3. They were dancing on the stage.
4. I was studying in class VII.
Negative
Sub+was/were+not+V¹ +ing +obj/comp.
1. Rahil was not riding a bicycle.
2. She was not singing a song.
3. They were not dancing on the stage.
4. I was not studying in class VII.
Interrogative
Was/were+sub+V¹ +ing+obj/comp?
1. Were they telling the truth?
2. Was he sharing the toys with you?
3. Was I looking handsome?
Interrogative Negative
Was/were+sub+not+V¹ +ing+obj/comp?
1. Were they not telling the truth?
2. Was he not sharing the toys with you?
3. Was I not looking handsome?
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Affirmative
Sub+had+V³ +obj/comp.
1. I had written a letter to my friend.
2. She had invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers had joined the meeting.
Negative
Sub+had+not+V³+obj/comp.
1. I had not written a letter to my friend.
2. She had not invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers had not joined the meeting.
Interrogative
Had+sub+V³+obj/comp?
1. Had he stopped watching TV?
2. Had you got your money back?
3. Had she prepared for her exam?
Interrogative Negative
Had+sub+not+V³+obj/comp?
1. Had he not stopped watching TV?
2. Had you not got your money back?
3. Had she not prepared for her exam?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Sub+had+beeb+v¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+ time.
1. He had been watching TV since 5 PM.
2. They had been learning their lessons for 3 hours.
3. She had been living in Amroha since 2010.
Negative
Sub+had+not+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time.
1. He had not been watching TV since 5 PM.
2. They had not been learning their lessons for 3 hours.
3. She had not been living in Amroha since 2010.
Interrogative
Had+sub+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Had he been teaching Maths for 5 years?
2. Had you been working here since 1990?
3. Had she been suffering from fever since last night?
Interrogative Negative
Had+sub+not+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Had he not been teaching Maths for 5 years?
2. Had you not been working here since 1990?
3. Had she not been suffering from fever since last night?
FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE
Affirmative
Sub+will/shall+v¹+obj/comp.
1. Anas will drive the car.
2. He will return your money tomorrow.
3. I shall go Delhi next week.
Negative
Sub+will/shall+not+V¹+obj/comp.
1. Anas will not drive the car.
2. He will not return your money tomorrow.
3. I shall not go Delhi next week.
Interrogative
Will/shall+sub+V¹+obj/comp?
1. Will you reach school on time?
2. Will he go to Delhi tomorrow?
3. Shall I win the game?
Interrogative Negative
Will/shall+sub+not+V¹+obj/comp?
1. Will you not reach school on time?
2. Will he not go to Delhi tomorrow?
3. Shall I not win the game?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Affirmative
Sub+will/shall+be+V¹+ing+obj/comp.
1. Mohit will be learning his lessons.
2. He will be distributing toffees among students.
3. We shall be playing cricket in the school.
Negative
Sub+will/shall+not+be+V¹+ing+obj/comp.
1. Mohit will not be learning his lessons.
2. He will not be distributing toffees among students.
3. We shall not be playing cricket in the school.
Interrogative
Will/shall+sub+be+V¹+ing+obj/comp?
1. Will he be plucking flowers from the field?
2. Will she be cooking delicious food?
3. Shall I be going my home next week?
Interrogative Negative
Will/shall+sub+not+be+V¹+ing+obj/comp?
1. Will he not be plucking flowers from the field?
2. Will she not be cooking delicious food?
3. Shall I not be going my home next week?
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Affirmative
Sub+will/shall+have+V³ +obj/comp.
1. I will/shall have written a letter to my friend.
2. She will/shall have invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers will/shall+have joined the meeting.
Negative
Sub+will/shall+not+have+V³+obj/comp.
1. I will/shall not have written a letter to my friend.
2. She will/shall not have invited me to her birthday party.
3. All the teachers will/shall not have joined the meeting.
Interrogative
Will/shall+sub+have+V³+obj/comp?
1. Will/shall he have stopped watching TV?
2. Will/shall you have got your money back?
3. Will/shall she have prepared for her exam?
Interrogative Negative
Will/shall+sub+not+have+V³+obj/comp?
1. Will/shall he not have stopped watching TV?
2. Will/shall you not have got your money back?
3. Will/shall she not have prepared for her exam?
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Affirmative
Sub+will/shall+have+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time.
1. Rita will have been writing stories for two hours.
2. They will have been taking bath in the river since 10 a.m.
Negative
Sub+will/shall+not+have+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time.
1. Rita will not have been writing stories for two hours.
2. They will not have been taking bath in the river since 10 a.m.
Interrogative
Will/shall+sub+have+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Will Rita have been writing stories for two hours?
2. Will they have been taking bath in the river since 10 a.m.
Interrogative Negative
Will/shall+sub+not+have+been+V¹+ing+obj/comp+since/for+time?
1. Will Rita not have been writing stories for two hours?
2. Will they not have been taking bath in the river since 10 a.m.?
This tense is used :
1. To indicate the duration of an event at a specific time in the future :
My mother will have been waiting for me since 7 p.m.
She will have been rehearsing her dance competition for two weeks by next Monday.
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